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Mammals. --- Marking. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent.

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Adult male gerbils. --- Adult. --- Copulation. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Male. --- Marking. --- Position. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent. --- Time. --- Uterine position.

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The olfactory ability of the dog far exceeds that of humans. In order to better understand how dogs interact with their world of scent, an understanding of the genetics, physics, physiology, neurobiology and behavioral applications of canine olfaction is essential. The application of canine olfaction to real world problems may provide new ways to look at diseases, disasters and other challenging problems that defy the other senses and technology. A critical evaluation of how dogs detect odors will increase the acceptance of these approaches. It is imperative that the value of dogs is objectively assessed and their potential capabilities are optimized through the development of learning theory and human-canine communication. Comparisons between dogs and other sensing approaches may serve to enhance the understanding and success of all forms of olfactory sensing. The dog remains the quintessential biological detector, through science addressing all aspects of olfactory based detection, we can enhance and augment that performance.

olfaction --- detection --- behavior --- scent --- working dogs

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A comparative study of the sandbathing phenomenon in Four Meriones species (M. unguiculatus, M. libycus, M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus) was conducted. Interspecies and intraspecies (sex-age) variability of the appropriate behavioral activity was studied. Spatial distribution of sandbathing loci and their relation to "scent marking centers" of the gerbils was investigated. The sandbathing frequency in nocturnal species (M. meridianus, M. tamariscinus) was found to be higher than in diurnal ones (M. unguiculatus, M. libycus). The activity in juvenile individuals was significantly lower than in adults. The sandbathing activity of gebrils is closely related to scent marking behavior and might be considered as a kind of olfactory marking and communication

Activity. --- Adult. --- Behavior. --- Communication. --- Frequency. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Loci. --- Maintenance. --- Marking behavior. --- Marking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Olfactory. --- Scent marking. --- Scent-marking. --- Scent. --- Spatial. --- Tamariscinus. --- Time. --- Unguiculatus. --- Variability.

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henna [dye] --- perfume [scent] --- women [female humans] --- schoonheid (vrouw) --- Morocco